The Prohibition On Financial Assistance - 870 Words

Since its enactment in the Companies Act 1928, the prohibition on financial assistance has been mainly influenced by two different streams of statutory interpretations. On one hand, Waller LJ’s judgment in Belmont Finance Corporation v Williams Furniture Ltd (No 2) gave a ‘significant boost’ to a broad interpretation of the statutory language. His strict approach, seems to have inspired a number of judges to adopt a literal interpretation of the prohibition and to disregard the commercial substance of transactions which fall afoul of it. On the other hand, Hoffman J, with the introduction of the ‘commercial realities’ test in Charterhouse Investment Trust Ltd v Tempest Diesels Ltd provided a legislative framework, which allows courts not†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, it shall argue that Laddie J’s judgment at first instance in MT Realisations Ltd (in liquidation) v Digital Equiptment Co Ltd, deserved more credit from the judiciary and should have not been discarded so easily. Similarly, it considers that Re Uniq Plc’s ratio is appreciated in bringing life to the exceptions contained in s. 678(4) and s. 679(4). Two Contrasting Views of the Prohibition pre-Companies Act 2006 In Belmont Finance, a decision which attracted much criticism amongst legal academics, a company bought an asset at an overvalue. Subsequently, the vendors used the proceeds of sale to purchase the company. It was held, in the CoA, that the transaction amounted to financial assistance on the basis that the company disregarded its own commercial interests and acted with the objective of facilitating the company’s acquisition of shares. Waller LJ gave an ‘unfortunate boost’ to the prohibition by taking a strict view and stating that to not contravene the provision, the company would not only have to justify the price paid, but also that the decision to enter the transaction was in the interests of the company. Moreover, he added that the prohibition would be triggered if the arrangement was done partly with the intention to allow purchasers to acquire shares. Therefore, following Belmont, where a company purchases an asset from their future buyer for fair value, act ing in its own commercial interests, it would be caught by theShow MoreRelatedProhibition and Removal of a Director Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesPROHIBITION OF DIRECTOR Before explaining about this point, we must know that prohibition provides protection to the public from directors and managers of companies that have an irresponsible, incompetent or irresponsible to make sure that, for the period of the prohibition, the director was not able to take advantage of the limited liability status of the company, or involved in the management of the company. Because of that company act have taken seriously in this action. In addition, thereRead MoreIllegal Drug Activity across the Globe1314 Words   |  5 Pagesresolved by the implementing a structured legal system that will facilitate the regulation of drugs. Making drugs legal will resolve more problems than what it will cause. There are many positive factors that could arise from legalizing all drugs. Financial incentives to legalizing drugs should be a motivating factor in this process. A second motive toward drug legalization is the attempt at resolving societal problems that have thus far arisen from illegal drug activity. A final perspective to considerRead MoreThe New Deal Forever Changed The Federal Governments890 Words   |  4 Pages1933, he aimed to restore dignity and prosperity to the American people. The New Deal was comprised of three main points, to provide assistance to needy Americans, to improve the level of the economy , and to pass laws to eradicate poverty and unemployment. Many referred to this as the three R s - Recovery, Relief and Reform. Key Initiatives: 1). Ended Prohibition through ratification of the 21st Amendment. 2). Tennessee Valley Authority Act signed into law. This allowed the government toRead MoreThe And Capital Maintenance Doctrine1166 Words   |  5 Pagesits own shares or redemption; 3) disbursement of dividends and additional distributions to shareholders; and 4) prohibition of financial assistance for the acquisition of the corporations’ own shares. As mentioned before the CA 2006 relaxed a few statutory provisions, namely a) private corporations, in most situations, would no longer have the rules regarding unlawful financial assistance, as well as they will be permitted to reduce their share capital without court intervention. Distribution PartRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1671 Words   |  7 PagesThis means that no country will relax on drug law implementation unless they decide to leave the convection though other nations have differed in the way they implement those laws (). What are the pros and cons of drug legalization and prohibition? (Current, AuthorLastName 3 1991) First, before this is evaluated, a short history of drug use is necessary. Opium and cocaine examples of the drugs that are commonly abused nowadays were legally and readily available in the 19th century. Some ofRead MoreSentencing And Punishment Of The Legal Law868 Words   |  4 Pagesthe availability of legal aid brought about by the introduction of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 could cause harm to the rule of law. The Act it is claimed creates an environment in which those who, without the financial resources to access justice will be denied access to justice. In principle the rule of law is intended to ensure that the law is just, accessible to all and that it is enforceable. That is to say, everyone should be able to enforce their legalRead MoreSuccessful Governments Demonstrate An Aptitude For Effective Financial And Fiscal Management1055 Words   |  5 PagesSuccessful governments demonstrate an aptitude for effective financial and fiscal management. Financial mismanagement involving public sector finances arising from the absence of political transparency results in a weakened domestic economy. Debt financing is used by both governments and individuals to stimulate consumption and investment activities in the short term, (Kouretas Vlamis, 2010, p. 393). The Greek sovereign debt crisis highlighted issues with government expenditure and revenue spendingRead MoreImf And Negative Impacts On Argentina1082 Words   |  5 Pagesmaintain a multilateral system of payments. The IMF attempts to achieve these goals by surveilling the global economy, providing financial assistance through credits and loans, and by providing technical assistance. The organization has been surrounded in controversies due to their severe policies that nations are required to follow in order to receive loans, assistance, and debt relief. With this influence on debtor nation’s economies, the IMF controls how much is spent on environmental protectionRead MoreCurrent Policy Situation Of Australia917 Words   |  4 Pages this includes a prohibition to work. The Australian Human Rights Commission (2013, p. 5) argues that releasing asylum seekers into the community while their claims are being processed is beneficial for their health and well-being. Although, little to no financial assistance is supplied. Asylum seekers that are released into the community on these visas are not entitled to claim any Centrelink or healthcare benefits, unless they can prove they are experiencing extreme financial hardship circumstancesRead MoreThe Powers Of The State1477 Words   |  6 Pagesthe good of his people, cannot have too much prerogative, that is, power to do good.† Now let us examine the very prospects where US might be using this ‘prerogative power’ notion in a negative way. The massive expenditure to execute the drug prohibition policies and to contain the ‘prisoners’ proves the urgency to get rid of drug related issues from the nation. Questioning the dark side of the white collar. The point is already made in the paper that all of US’s drive against Drug legalization

The Financial Crisis Of 2007-2008 - 1389 Words

One of the most devastating aspects of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 to middle-class America was the crash of the housing market. Millions of Americans were affected and faced foreclosures on homes that were purchased with subprime mortgages. The impact of these mortgages varied state to state. Nevada, one of the countries leading tourist destinations, led the market in foreclosure rates and housing appraisal drops. The government s false sense of security in regards to the economy and the predatory lending practices of big banks such as Bank of America, JP Morgan and Wells Fargo, impacted the housing market negatively and ultimately led to millions of people in debt and without a home. Keywords: Bank of America, subprime mortgage-lending, financial crisis 2007-2008 The Financial Crises of 2007/2008: A Look At Subprime Mortgages and the Big Banks’ Role In the State of Nevada Since the financial crises that the United States has endured since 2007, there are very few people, if any, that can say they have not been affected by the economy. Middle class Americans have born the brunt of this crisis. Millions of Americans have lost jobs, grown further into debt, and have lost their homes. The exorbitant amount of home foreclosures is now officially referred to as the housing crisis and there are states that have been influenced at a staggering rate. The state of Nevada has seen the highest foreclosure rate of any state in the country for years. In fact,Show MoreRelated2007-2008 Financial Crisis1327 Words   |  6 PagesThe Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 The Global Financial Crisis 2007-2008 Economists and scholars spend years dissecting financial markets and evaluating the causes of booms and busts. Throughout United States history there have been multiple economic booms that were underestimated and followed by recessions. In the situation of the 2007-2008 global financial crisis many culprits have been identified as causes, such as loose monetary policy, credit booms, deregulation, over complexity,Read MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-2008994 Words   |  4 Pages The subprime financial crisis of 2007-2008 was brought on by much more than unethical traders. It consisted of multiple variables: the deterioration in financial institutions’ balance sheets, asset price decline, increase in interest rates, and an increase in market ambiguity. This in turn led to the worsening of the adverse selection and moral hazard situation in the market, which led to a decline in economic activity, bringing forth the banking crisis. After the banking crisis, an unanticipatedRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007 / 2008 Essay808 Words   |  4 PagesThe financial crisis of 2007/2008 had a negative impact on the UK economy, resulting in low growth and high level of unemployment while inflation constantly remained above the 2% target. In those extraordinary circumstances focus of monetary policy had to be on growth rather than reaching inflation target, resulting in gradual reduction of the Bank rate from 5.75% in middle of 2007 to its lowest level of 0.5% in the beginning of 2009 (BoE, 2014). Although, a low interest rate led to significant depreciationRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081419 Words   |  6 Pagesthe recent credit crunch. The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the Global Financial Crisis and 2008 financial crisis, is considered by some economists such as Nouriel Roubini, professor of economics and international business at New York University, Kenneth Rogoff, professor of economics and public policy at Harvard University, and Nariman Behravesh, chief economist and executive vice president for IHS Global Insight, to have been the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression ofRead MoreThe Financial Crisis of 2007-2008541 Words   |  2 PagesThe financial crisis of 2007-2008 had more sounding effects on financial institutions even greater than the crisis brought about by the stocks downfall in the 1990’s. The reason for this is that the financial institutions were at the centre of the whole crisis. And financial institutions being one of the key pillars in a country’s economy, the crisis was bound to have a big effect in US as a whole. So, in order to understand wha t rely happened, it is wise to go through the paper written by NicholasRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-2008928 Words   |  4 PagesDefine: Introduction The Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 was considered to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression in the decade preceding World War II. The Global Financial Crisis threatened large range of the financial organizations. Although the central banks and other banks were trying to keep away from the crisis, the stock market still suffered a huge decline internationally. Other than the global stock market, the house market was also influenced greatly, causing the unemploymentRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007 / 20081914 Words   |  8 PagesThe financial crisis of 2007/2008 had a negative impact on the UK economy, resulting in low growth and high level of unemployment while inflation constantly remained above the 2% target. In those extraordinary circumstances focus of monetary policy had to be on growth rather than reaching inflation target, resulting in gradual reduction of the Bank rate from 5.75% in middle of 2007 to its lowest level of 0.5% in the beginning of 2009 (BoE , 2014). Although, a low interest rate led to significant depreciationRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-2008 Essay2367 Words   |  10 PagesWhen discussing the financial crisis of 2007-2008, it is incredibly important to discuss the relevance of the government bailout and organized sale of Bear Stearns. There is a large amount of discussion behind whether or not Bear Stearns, a large investment based financial institution, should have been bailed out by the US government. The decision to bail out and have a government-orchestrated sale of Bear Stearns was an incredibly complicated situation to discuss and there are parts of which cannotRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 is the worst financial crisis since the 1930’s The Great Depression (Reuters, 2009). Even if bailouts of banks by national governments prevented the collapse of major financial institutions, worldwide stock markets continue d to drop. Evictions and foreclosures overwhelmed the housing market while severed unemployment embraced the labor market (Baily and Elliot, 2009). This global financial crisis was responsible for the decline in the consumers’ wealth, andRead MoreEffects Of The Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081763 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial crisis of 2007-2008 is widely considered to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of 1930s. 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Incidental Uses And Disclosures Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Minimum Necessary. -Covered entities besides must implement sensible minimal necessary policies and processs that limit how much protected wellness information is used, disclosed, and requested for certain intents. These minimal necessary policies and processs besides moderately must restrict who within the entity has entree to protected wellness information, and under what conditions, based on occupation duties and the nature of the concern. We will write a custom essay sample on Incidental Uses And Disclosures Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The minimal necessary criterion does non use to revelations, including unwritten revelations, among wellness attention suppliers for intervention intents. For illustration, a doctor is non required to use the minimal necessary criterion when discoursing a patient ‘s medical chart information with a specializer at another infirmary. Personal Representatives.-A individual authorized under province or other jurisprudence to move on behalf of the person in doing health-related determinations. Examples include a court-appointed defender with medical authorization, a wellness attention agent under a wellness attention placeholder, and a parent moving on behalf of an unemancipated child ( with exclusions where province jurisprudence gives bush leagues the right to do wellness determinations ) . For a dead person, the personal representative may be an executor, decision maker, or other authorised individual for affairs refering PHI. Business Associate – An outside person/entity that performs a service on behalf of the wellness attention supplier ( including a research worker ) or the wellness attention establishment during which separately identifiable wellness information is created, used, or disclosed. Certain exclusions apply. Use and disclosure- The sharing of separately identifiable wellness information within a covered entity. For Partners ‘ intents, a usage is the sharing of such information within the Partners affiliated covered entity. As good a release of identifiable wellness information to anyone or any entity outside of the Partners affiliated covered entity. Public Health Authority – A federal, province, local or tribal individual or organisation that is required to carry on public wellness activities. Research – A systematic probe, including research development, proving and rating, designed to develop or lend to generalizable cognition. Affiliated Covered Entity- Legally separate wellness attention suppliers ( or wellness programs or clearinghouses ) that are under common ownership or control and that choose to follow with HIPAA privateness ordinances as one attached entity. Partners has designated itself as one affiliated covered entity, which includes all Partners infirmaries, affiliated physician organisations, PCHI, and owned or managed PCHI patterns. This appellation permits easier sharing of separately identifiable wellness attention information within the system and avoids the demand for some â€Å" concern associate † understandings. Worker compensation Laws- The HIPAA Privacy Rule does non use to entities that are either workers ‘ compensation insurance companies, workers ‘ compensation administrative bureaus, or employers, except to the extent they may otherwise be covered entities. However, these entities need entree to the wellness information of persons who are injured on the occupation or who have a work-related unwellness to procedure or adjudicate claims, or to organize attention under workers ‘ compensation systems. Notice-The HIPAA Privacy Rule gives persons a cardinal new right to be informed of the privateness patterns of their wellness programs and of most of their wellness attention suppliers, every bit good as to be informed of their privateness rights with regard to their personal wellness information. Health programs and covered wellness attention suppliers are required to develop and administer a notice that provides a clear account of these rights and patterns. The notice is intended to concentrate persons on privateness issues and concerns, and to motivate them to hold treatments with their wellness programs and wellness attention suppliers and exercise their rights.A . Ada Del Riego Per.5 High blood pressure hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drlipmanhcg.com/hypertension.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //mykentuckyheart.com/images/pictures/hypertension.jpg High blood pressure is the term used to depict high blood force per unit area. Blood force per unit area is a measuring of the force against the walls of your arterias as your bosom pumps blood through your organic structure. Blood force per unit area readings are normally given as two Numberss — for illustration, 120 over 80 ( written as 120/80 mmHg ) . One or both of these Numberss can be excessively high. The top figure is called the systolic blood force per unit area, and the bottom figure is called the diastolic blood force per unit area. Where there are 3 types of manner to look at you BP like first: Normal blood force per unit area is when your blood force per unit area is lower than 120/80 mmHg most of the clip. High blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) is when your blood force per unit area is 140/90 mmHg or above most of the clip. If your blood force per unit area Numberss are 120/80 or higher, but below 140/90, it is called pre-hypertension. If you have pre-hypertension, you are more likely to develop high blood force per unit area. If you have bosom or kidney jobs, or if you had a shot, your physician may desire your blood force per unit area to be even lower than that of people who do non hold these conditions. Causes, incidence, and hazard factors Many factors can impact blood force per unit area, including: How much H2O and salt you have in your organic structure. The status of your kidneys, nervous system, or blood vass. The degrees of different organic structure endocrines You are more likely to be told your blood force per unit area is excessively high as you get older. This is because your blood vass become stiffer as you age. When that happens, your blood force per unit area goes up. High blood force per unit area increases your opportunity of holding a shot, bosom onslaught, bosom failure, kidney disease, and early decease. You have a higher hazard of high blood force per unit area if you are African American, corpulent, or stressed or dying, imbibe excessively much intoxicant. As good have to eat excessively much salt, a household history of high blood force per unit area, have diabetes, or fume. Most of the clip, no cause of high blood force per unit area is found. This is called indispensable high blood pressure. Symptoms Most of the clip, there are no symptoms. For most patients, high blood force per unit area is found when they visit their wellness attention supplier or have it checked elsewhere. Because there are no symptoms, people can develop bosom disease and kidney jobs without cognizing they have high blood force per unit area. Signs and trials Your wellness attention supplier will look into your blood force per unit area several times before naming you with high blood force per unit area. It is normal for your blood force per unit area to be different depending on the clip of twenty-four hours. Blood force per unit area readings taken at place may be a better step of your current blood force per unit area than those taken at your physician ‘s office. Make certain you get a good quality, well-fitting place device. It should hold the proper sized turnup and a digital read-out. Treatment The end of intervention is to cut down blood force per unit area so that you have a lower hazard of complications. You and your wellness attention supplier should put a blood force per unit area end for you. If you have pre-hypertension, your wellness attention supplier will urge lifestyle alterations to convey your blood force per unit area down to a normal scope. Medicines are seldom used for pre-hypertension. You can make many things to assist command your blood force per unit area, including: Exercise on a regular basis — at least 30 proceedingss of aerophilic exercising a twenty-four hours. If you smoke, quit — happen a plan that will assist you halt. Restrict how much intoxicant you drink — one drink a twenty-four hours for adult females, two a twenty-four hours for work forces. Limit the sum of Na ( salt ) you eat — purpose for less than 1,500 mg per twenty-four hours. Reduce emphasis — seek to avoid things that cause you emphasis. You can besides seek speculation or yoga. Stay at a healthy organic structure weight — happen a weight-loss plan to assist you, if you need it. Your wellness attention supplier can assist you find plans for losing weight, halting smoke, and exerting. You can besides acquire a referral from your physician to a dietitian, who can assist you plan a diet that is healthy for you. Prevention Adults over 18 should hold their blood force per unit area checked on a regular basis. Lifestyle alterations may assist command your blood force per unit area. Follow your wellness attention supplier ‘s recommendations to modify, dainty, or control possible causes of high blood force per unit area Refrences: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001502/ How to cite Incidental Uses And Disclosures Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Biomechanics Total Knee Arthoplasty

Question: Discuss about theBiomechanicsfor Total Knee Arthoplasty. Answer: Synopsis The article by Arnold et al., (2015) reports that knee arthroplasty is beneficial for patients at the final stage of knee osteoarthritis to improve their quality of life. The surgery is useful in eliminating abnormal joint mechanics. The researcher reported that several researches has been done on the changes in knee biomechanics after total knee arthoplasty (TKA), however there is few research on relationship between knee biomechanics and functional ability. Hence, Arnold et al., (2015) investigates on the changes in knee biomechanics after total knee arthroplasty and explores its relation of knee biomechanics during walking and physical activity. To carry out they research, they selected 15 participants who were going to have a total knee arthroplasty surgery and did a 3D gait test on them before and after of surgery to determine the movement in each person and any movement related disorders (Shull et al., 2014). Other functional activity like physical activity and use of time was assessed by 24 hour activity recall. The researcher tried to investigate this finding because it has been found that total knee arthroplasty is associated with increased knee function and physical function, however there is little evidence exists regarding the relationship between functional ability of knees due to certain changes in the body (Howell et al., 2013). For this purpose, the research was conducted. This lack of research on the relation between elements of functional ability was their motivation for conducting the research. On analysis of similar research on the topic, the researcher found that research on physical activity after TKA were limited to simple questionnaires and this approach is inefficient in determining the frequency of improvement in functional ability. The researchers felt that the use of high resolution activity recall may help to understand the changes in knee function due to TKA. This was their motivation for carrying out research. Their approach for investigation was to perform same midline incision TKA for all participants and same in patient physiotherapy exercises. A three dimensional gait analysis (like walking speed, peak knee flexion moment, saginal plane knee range of motions) was assessed and time spent in physical activity data were collected using 24 hour activity recall tool. The knee symptoms were judged using scales for pain, stiffness and activities of daily living. The results finding showed that after surgery significant improvement in knee biomechanics and physical activity was observed in participants. This improvement depended on total time spent daily in physical activity and energy expenditure. Hence, improvement in knee function is linked to time spent in physical activity after TKA (Arnold et al., 2015). Content Abstract The abstract of the research has clarity as it clearly introduces the background, purpose and methods employed for carrying out the research. An abstract should be brief summary of the research which a reviewer can clearly understand without reading the whole article. The credibility of the research is understood from the abstract as it clearly explains each phase of the research. It started with giving short background information on the benefits of total knee arthroplasty and the researcher immediately stated the purpose of investigation by stating that there is no valid evidence regarding the relationship between different elements functional ability after TKA (Arnold et al., 2015). The content of the study has summarize in a cohesive manner in the abstract starting from gap in similar to the topic of investigation and then moving to describing the approach used for carrying out investigation (Elo et al., 2014). However, the methods employed could have been presented in a more des criptive manner such as giving examples for certain physical activity profiles and gait analysis. This description is missing in methods part; however the researcher comes back to each type of analysis while stating the results finding in abstract. This is the only limitation of the reporting of research in abstract and it would been easily understood if the specific method were clearly stated before the research findings (Vaismoradi et al., 2013). Overall quality of the writing is good and the researcher has also taken care to inform about future scope of research in this area which is commendable. Introduction The introduction by Arnold et al., (2015) states the purpose of research by clearly stating what is known so far about the topic and what aspects is still ambiguous. The context of the research is clearly expressed by the researcher and it is successful in shifting audience attention to the validity of the research and what new insights the researcher can give after investigation. The introduction starts with stating the benefits of total knee arthroplasty and it describes the importance of assessment of knee function as it helps in evaluation of the success of TKA. It gives idea about hip strength and improvement in physical activity after surgery (Alnahdi et al., 2014). Any introductions of a research work should clearly state the status of research work of the area of study and the background information on the topic. For the article by Arnold et al., (2015), it is necessary to have information about current status of research analysis in knee biomechanics. An introduction can sta rt with brief analysis of research related to knee biomechanics after total knee arthoplasty. For example Athwal et al., (2014) gives information about reason of biomechanic instability after total knee arthroplasty while Levinger et al., (2013) investigated the biomechanical changes in lower limb after TKA. All this elements were efficiently covered by the researcher in the introduction section after analysis of relevant literature. The significance of the study was mentioned by stating that biomechanical data will be a new approach to assess mobility after TKA. Methods The main aspect of method sections of a research article is the variable chosen for the study as this variable will only give the answer to research questions. In reviewing methodology of research by Arnold et al., (2015) it is seen that each method is relevant to assessing the biomechanics of knee movement. For example gait analysis has been done by recording three dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces during walking. The markers fixed in thigh and hips and the variables for the gait analysis included speed of walking, peak knee flexion during initial contact and during peak flexion, knee movement during gait cycle and swing phase. The method used is commendable as it will leave no gap and provide detail analysis of relation between physical movement and knee biomechanics. Yoshida et al., (2013) has shown that quadriceps weakness is the most common post-operative impairment seen patient after TKA. Therefore the variable used for assessing quadriceps weakness in gait anal ysis is absolutely relevant for the area of investigation. The statistical tool was also employed for collecting use of time data for physical activity and it helped in evaluating changes in knee biomechanics by Pearsons correlation coefficients (Arnold et al., 2015). However, the researcher would have gained more appreciation if stress were put on other physical functions such as stair climbing to get more insight into improvement of activities of daily living. Results The results and discussion section must be interlinked with each other to understand the discussion presented for the research. The result of the current research on relation between knee biomechanics and physical activity after TKA is very important. Gait analysis was done before and six months after the surgery to determine the improvement in variables like stiffness, pain and activity limitations. The results finding was accurately presented in a tabular format with use of statistical values for all type of movements like swing time, knee flexion, knee range of motion, walking speed, knee flexion moment and cardence or steps/min. It was reflective of the fact that gait patterns after six months of TKA mostly improved in patients and the walking speed also increased in patients. Another significant finding was that duration of sitting time also reduced by 66 minutes per day post surgical intervention (Arnold et al., 2015). The correlation between knee symptoms and physical activity was accurately presented which was the main purpose of the study and the explanations for each were also discussed clearly by the researcher. Another study is also relevant in this regard as it explains the reason for movement asymmetries such as reduced knee excursion in the operated limb (McClelland et al., 2012) Discussion The interpretation of the findings explicitly explains the rational for each result and the reasons for a trend seen in study. Arnold et al., (2015) was successful in presenting the relation between sagittal plane knee range of movement and peak knee flexion. Positive results in this variable were associated with better ability to do chores while squatting. The researcher also explained that pain and physical activity is negatively correlated which as physical activity improved with improve in symptoms. The credibility of the research was also monitored by comparison with other research findings. However, it is recommended that increase in flexion gap should be controlled as it will lead to positive flexion on patient satisfaction after surgical intervention (Ismailidis et al., 2016). The study also gave a similar limitation of the research by stating that objectively measured knee motion can be better variables for assessing improvement in patients undergoing TKA. General Comments on Research The research is a significant work by the author as it provided the relations between biomechanics and physical activity. The presentation and language used for the study is succinct which clearly explains the rational for each step. The selection criteria of the sample is significant as it helps to remove biasness in the study by excluding patients with history of joint replacement or injection to the knee, patients with other conditions affecting gait and those who already had problems in walking. Another major highlight of the research is the use of research as it gives good visual presentation of the area of limbs which will be assessed during gait analysis and activity profiling. It helped reviewer to easily understand the approach taken for the research. Example of this figures are lower limb market set and model and the use of time profile (Arnold et al., 2015). Reference Alnahdi, A. H., Zeni, J. A., Snyder-Mackler, L. (2014). Hip abductor strength reliability and association with physical function after unilateral total knee arthroplasty: a cross-sectional study.Physical therapy,94(8), 1154-1162. Arnold, J. B., Mackintosh, S., Olds, T. S., Jones, S., Thewlis, D. (2015). Improvements in knee biomechanics during walking are associated with increased physical activity after total knee arthroplasty: BIOMECHANICS AND ACTIVITY AFTER TKA.Journal of Orthopaedic Research,33(12), 1818-1825. doi:10.1002/jor.22969 Athwal, K. K., Hunt, N. C., Davies, A. J., Deehan, D. J., Amis, A. A. (2014). Clinical biomechanics of instability related to total knee arthroplasty.Clinical Biomechanics,29(2), 119-128. Elo, S., Kriinen, M., Kanste, O., Plkki, T., Utriainen, K., Kyngs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis.Sage Open,4(1), 2158244014522633. Howell, S. M., Howell, S. J., Kuznik, K. T., Cohen, J., Hull, M. L. (2013). Does a kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty restore function without failure regardless of alignment category?.Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research,471(3), 1000-1007. Ismailidis, P., Kuster, M. S., Jost, B., Giesinger, K., Behrend, H. (2016). Clinical outcome of increased flexion gap after total knee arthroplasty. Can controlled gap imbalance improve knee flexion?.Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 1-7. Levinger, P., Menz, H. B., Morrow, A. D., Feller, J. A., Bartlett, J. R., Bergman, N. R. (2013). Lower limb biomechanics in individuals with knee osteoarthritis before and after total knee arthroplasty surgery.The Journal of arthroplasty,28(6), 994-999 McClelland, J., Zeni Jr, J., Haley, R. M., Snyder-Mackler, L. (2012). Functional and biomechanical outcomes after using biofeedback for retraining symmetrical movement patterns after total knee arthroplasty: a case report.journal of orthopaedic sports physical therapy,42(2), 135-144. Shull, P. B., Jirattigalachote, W., Hunt, M. A., Cutkosky, M. R., Delp, S. L. (2014). Quantified self and human movement: a review on the clinical impact of wearable sensing and feedback for gait analysis and intervention.Gait posture,40(1), 11-19. Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study.Nursing health sciences,15(3), 398-405. Yoshida, Y., Mizner, R. L., Snyder-Mackler, L. (2013). Association between long-term quadriceps weakness and early walking muscle co-contraction after total knee arthroplasty.The Knee,20(6), 426-431.

Georgia Essays - Crops, Macon, Georgia Metropolitan Area, Cellulose

Georgia Georgia The state of Georgia has a total area of 152,750 sq km (58,977 sq mi), including 2618 sq km (1011 sq mi) of inland water and 122 sq km (47 sq mi) of coastal waters over which the state has jurisdiction. The state is the 24th largest in the country and has the largest land area of any state east of the Mississippi River. Georgia has a top range north to south of 515 km (320 mi) and east to west of 441 km (274 mi). The mean elevation is about 180 m (about 600 ft). Georgia occupies parts of six natural regions, or physiographic provinces. They are the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Gulf Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, the Blue Ridge province, the Ridge and Valley province, and the Appalachian Plateaus. Almost the whole area of Georgia was forested in early colonial times, and about three-fifths of the land is still covered by forests and woodlands. Mixed forests of deciduous and coniferous trees cover most of the Blue Ridge and Appalachian mountain areas. Normal trees in these areas include species of ash, beech, birch, hemlock, hickory, poplar, sweetgum, sycamore, red oak, white oak, and Virginia, shortleaf, and loblolly pines. Pines which dominate on the Piedmont are loblolly and shortleaf pine trees. On the coastal plains, slash, loblolly, and longleaf pines are found. The live oak, the state tree, thrives in the southern part of the coastal plains. Palmettos are found in areas of sandy soil, and bald cypresses and tupelo gums are commonly found in swampy and badly drained areas. Spanish moss festoons many of the cypresses in Okefenokee Swamp. Other trees that are found in the state include the red maple, sweet bay, black cherry, butternut, sassafras, southern magnolia, cottonwood, locust, and elm. Flowering plants grow in great abundance in Georgia. Those natural to the state include the trillium, galax, bellwort, hepatica, mayapple, bloodroot, violet, columbine, lady slipper, and Cherokee rose, which is the stte of Georgia's state flower. Among the many shrubs and tiny flowering trees common in Georgia are species of laurel, mimosa, redbud, flowering dogwood, rhododendron, and flame azalea. White-tailed deer are the most common of the larger mammals found in the state. There are black bears in the northern mountains and in Okefenokee Swamp, and bobcats roam many of the rural areas. Red foxes, gray foxes, muskrats, raccoons, opossums, flying squirrels, foxes and gray squirrels are abundant in the forested areas, and otter and beaver are met in many swamps and rivers. In the mid-1990s there was about 43,000 farms in Georgia. Only about two-fifths had annual sales of $10,000 or more. Many of the rest of the farms were hobbies for operators who held different jobs. Farmland occupied 4.9 million hectares (12.1 million acres), of which less than one-third was harvested. The rest was mostly pasture or woodland. The sale of livestock and livestock products accounts for about three-fifths of total yearly farm income. The sale of produce accounts for the rest. Broilers (young chickens raised for meat) are the state's most valuable farm product, followed by peanuts and beef cattle. The state's other important farm products include eggs, hogs, milk, vegetables, greenhouse seedlings, tobacco, soybeans, corn, pecans, and cotton. Georgia leads all other states in the production of peanuts and pecans and is second after Arkansas in the producing of broilers. Until the Civil War, nearly all the cotton during most of the 19th century, cotton was the main crop. Itwas grown on plantations by black slaves, who picked it by hand. After slavery was abolished most blacks, having no land of their own, became sharecroppers, who got their farm and family supplies on credit from the planters and were in assumption paid a share of the crop income. Under this system, cotton dominated the economy more than ever. However, during the 1920s the boll weevil, a tiny beetle that eats the growing cotton boll, devastated much of the cotton crop and infested great areas of the cotton-growing lands of the South. Moreover, at about that same time, crop yields began to fall, and it became clear that nearly 200 years of constant cotton cultivation had ruined the soil. Efforts were made to vary the state's farm economy. As a result, many cotton lands were planted in other crops or switched over to pasture. Cotton cultivation was resumed after methods were found to control the boll weevil, but cotton acreage was greatly reduced. Beginning in the 1940s, thousands of farms were consolidated and mechanized and the demand for farm workers decreased. As farms consolidated their size got larger, and by

Artical Summary on Critical Thinking

Artical Summary on Critical Thinking PAGE 1 Article Summary PAGE PAGE 1 Article SummaryArticle Summary on Critical ThinkingSarah Julie HarrisUniversity Of PhoenixMGT 350Carolyn DrahosNovember 5, 2003Article Summary on Critical ThinkingKeys to critical ThinkingMaking the right decision over senior executive appointment can be very difficult. Leadership skills and critical decision making ability are arguably the two core competencies which distinguish the truly successful business leaders. Some may state that this potent nexus of innate attributes, one of which is intellectual and the other emotional have always been present in the make up of great business leaders. Managers or business leaders who continue to learn and accept change in external/internal elements has the ability to increase business performance. The achieving results come from the internal drive and less from a commitment. The future leaders create a culture of empowerment. Most business managers see critical decision making skills as essential to a com pany's success.Rethink Mental IllnessExcept in times of stress, personal problem, mental illness business leaders should beware while assessing issues (Helliwell, 2000, text).Rick Helliwell's argument was "making the right recruitment decision over a critical senior executive appointment can be very difficult" (para .1). Wrong decision can result in loss in business sales or no values in company culture. The author made assumption the successful business leaders are notice by possessing quality leadership skills with critical decision making ability. The high connection of natural abilities associates with intellectual and emotional are personalities in successful business leaders relates to the logic. The author has a perception that in today's business requires talented, leaders who continue to learn with motivation for quality performances. Based on emotion, Rick Helliwell (2000) said, "Achieving results comes from the executive internal drive" (para. 6) or personal motivation. H e also used exceptions or fallacy that...

Marketing Communications on Sound Choice - REPORT format not essay

Marketing Communications on Sound Choice - REPORT format not - Essay Example Another benefit of sponsorship is its ability to provide extendibility and more exposure to the sponsor (Pope, Voges, & Brown 2009). This is especially true to sponsoring individuals. In cases where companies sponsor individuals such as athletes and celebrities, the individual carries the company trademarks in most of its major appearances. As the company sponsors events, the reach of the event through its own marketing campaign would provide extendibility to the brand. If the event is targeted to the companys main consumers, through the advertising materials and publicity the event would generate, the benefits from the exposure of the sponsoring brand could be enormous. Sponsorship is cost-effective by nature. This is because, with the amount of cash or in-kind support the sponsoring brand provides to the sponsored entity, the effect is leveraged in many different ways (Dees, Bennett, & Villegas 2008). These ways could include extendibility and greater brand exposure as previously stated; most especially if the target audience that the sponsored entity can reach is in line with the companys target consumers (Cornwell 2008). The multiplying effect of association with the sponsored entity can usually accomplish more than the objectives that are primarily identified by the company by using sponsorship as an IMC tool. In corporate social responsibility events, the involvement of the brand creates a perception about the brands personality, which is part of the overall brand image of the company. If the companys actions are philanthropic by nature, this could bring good will within the community, which leads to a positive attitude toward the brand (Close et al 2006). Even if the event is not a CSR or cause-related by nature, involvement of the brand in different events through sponsorship could create some presence among the community. This brings the brand closer to the consumers (Bennett, et al. 2009). As noted

Art history response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Art history response paper - Essay Example The work of the sculptor is usually aided by nature while the painter requires knowledge of how shadows may affect their work. Greater mental analysis and skills are therefore required of painters. The sculptor deals with shapes while the painter deals with the transparent objects. Varchi’s inquiry led to various opinions from different artists. According to Bronzino, both the painters and the sculptors require different types of skills. The sculptors have to be more accurate when it comes to measurements as they cannot cheat on the aspects of measurements. According to Messer Benedetto, painting is nobler as compared to sculpture. Other artists who are in the view that painting is more noble than sculpture includes Pino although Michelangelo disputes the argument that painting is more noble than sculpture since its requires a lot of skills and intellectual efforts. The dialogue between Lauro and Fabio has also been unable to come up with clear answers regarding painting and sculpture. The arguments that have been presented in the article indicate that both painting and sculpture have different unique features. Different skills are required in order for one to become a painter and a sculptor. A lot of intellectual skills are required during the painting as one has to come up with paintings that will be acceptable to the audience. On the other hand, a lot of manual efforts are required when developing a sculpture. This is considering that some of the sculptures are quite huge. A part from the manual efforts, expertise is required in order to ensure that the sculpture does not fall apart during display. However, despite the differences in the requirements, I think that painting is nobler as compared to sculpture. The painters have to be creative and innovative in order to satisfy the audience. On the other hand, the painters are supposed to have knowledge on different elements of art and design

Conflict Resolution Paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conflict Resolution Paper - Coursework Example The message had not been replied after half an hour. I decided to write her another text message; this time round it was worse because it included abuses. Still she did not reply. After 2 hours, my anger had cooled down; I decided to call my roommate’s boyfriend to inform me why his girlfriend was not answering my message. I was shocked to learn from the boyfriend that my roommate had gone unconscious before they left the room and rushed her to a medical facility. I suddenly remembered that my roommate was epileptic. The boyfriend confessed of the mess in the room, he confessed that he was trying to look for her medical records and because of the hurry, he ended up disarranging everything. I felt so ashamed to learn that I had to confess to both my roommate and her boyfriend afterwards. If I had to find myself in the same situation in future, I would first of all wait for her to return, ask her why it happened before reacting (Van de Vliert and Euwema 679). I will never let my emotions dominate me next time I find myself in

Human Resource Management the employer employee relationship

Human Resource Management the employer employee relationship The main focal point of human resource management (HRM) is on managing people within the employer-employee relationship, in more specific terms, it involves the productive use of people in accomplishing the firms strategic business objectives and the satisfaction of individual employee needs. As HRM is a strategic process incorporating the interests of the firm and the individuals, it goes far beyond a set of activities co-ordinating human resources related practices. HRM specifically is a major contributor to the success of an enterprise because it is in a key position to affect customers, business results and ultimately shareholder value (Gubman, 1995; Wright, McMahan McWilliams, 1994). HRM in a sense is classified as management, but management is more than HRM. HRM is only a sector of management which deals with individuals, whereas management also includes other functions that is marketing, research and development, etc. Managers manage people and the role of the HR Manger is somewhat changing and becoming more relevant to organisations due to our fast paced and growing society. Due to the changing trends within technology, diversity, ethics and globalisation it creates a perception of what functions the modern HR manger undertakes in order to react to competition and create organisational success. Some companies might consider the role of a HR manager to be only a minor driving force of their strategic objectives, whereas others may argue this case and indicate the increasing role that the HR manager plays in their strategic success. By defining the concept of HRM with relations to strategic business and people relations hopefully, this will give you a greater understanding of the roles that a HR manager performs in the workforce. 2) Summary of articles: In a paragraph or two for each study, briefly explain the purpose, how it was conducted (how information was gathered), and the major findings. When referring to an article, use the last name of author or authors and date of publication in the text. Example: Calvin and Brommel (1996) believe family communication. Communication serves two primary functions in familiescohesion and adaptability (Galvin and Brommel, 1996). The role of the HR manager has been and is still currently changing drastically. We see that the concept of HRM has gone through many transformations in order to get to the current HRM practices that are followed today. Its origins erected from the Industrial Revolution where the workers did not have any protection and undertook dull jobs. As an expansion from this concept an adoption of Taylorism which seen jobs being broken down into various elements in which was the most efficient way of performing the job. Post Taylorism the Trade Union movement involved the collective bargaining process and combated against unfair labour practices and introduced laws with relevance to pay and benefits. This idea was later enhanced by the Human Relations movement and driven by Elton Mayo which identified that there are vast psychological and social factors that affect the performance of an employee, thus resulting in the productivity output. We see now that the Human Resources approach dominates the workplaces, which is based on job satisfaction and motivating employees. This new philosophy within the HR context which focuses on the long term approaches and adopts encourages the dual contribution of management and employees in order to achieve the strategic goals of the organisations.In the recent past, many organisations thought of the HR role as simply a support service to the real operations departments of the firm (Buhler, 1999). There was a period when the majority of human resource activity was in processing the payroll, so that the human resource section formed part of the Finance and Administration department (Santiago, 2003). Stone (2008) indicates that as HRM becomes more business oriented and strategically focused in which four methods of HR can help deliver organisational excellence (Ulrich, 1997). Firstly, HR should assist with the strategic implementation with the firm (Strategic Partner). Secondly, the efficiency and effectiveness should be contributed by HR in order to increase the performance of work and as an outcome maintain the quality and be cost effective (Administrative Expert). Moreover, ensure that there is a balance of representation towards employees and senior management in order to ensure that employees contribute to the organisation to express commitment to the organisation (Employee Champion). Lastly, HR should, on a regular basis, assist in the changing process to enhance the organisations capacity to grow and react to competition (Change Agent). According to Ulrich (1997), the key to the HR role as a strategic partner is the participation of HR in the process of defining business strategy, not merely responding to the strategy edicts presented by senior management. HR professionals play a strategic partner role when they have the ability to translate business strategy into action (Ulrich, 1997). In a sense, this makes leverage or way for the HR manager and facilitates them into the business team. In other words, the HR manager must be able develop business like acumen and adapt their expertise and skills and link them to the business strategy to HR policies and practices. Alas, (Nankervis, 2000) that the strategic partner role is not being fulfilled, research indicates that executives position such as CEOs do not adequately involve their HR managers within the business strategy field. P9:50. There is an awareness that proves that there is a necessity and growing need for the HR managers to become active in the strategic leve l and identify that that the significance of HRM have a competitive advantage. P9:53 (Fisher and Dowling). In saying that practices and policies in HR need to be sophisticatedly up to date and consistently need to be reviewed so that it doesnt lead to alienation, reduced motivation and labour unrest (Jackson, 2002) P9:52. Evidently Australia comparing its statistics on a global scale (McCaw and Harley, 2003) they are behind or in other words lagging. P9:51 Administrative expert = refers to the efficiency of HR managers and the effective management of HR activities (i.e. RS, TD, PM, Rewarding) so that they create value Ulrich (1997) outlines that HR professionals must be able to re-engineer HR activities through use of technology, rethinking and redesigning work processes and the continuous improvement of all organisational processes; see HR as creating value, and measure HR results in terms of efficiency )cost and effectiveness (quality) P9:54 Employee champion = requires the HR manager to be the employees voice in management discussions Be able to meet needs of employees Ulrich (1997) achievable by being employees voice in management discussion by being fair and principled, assuring that the concerns of employees are being hears, finding new resources to perform jobs successfully. P10:56 Change agent = a person who acts as a catalyst for change In other words the channel for change in the org. or firm Can be achieved through (Brockbank, Ulrich, 1994) leading change in HR functions and by developing problem solving communication and influence skills. In other words how to manage change A past CEO of Sharp once said all companies have access to the same information and the same technology. The true difference in our firms, he suggested, is found in our people (Buhler, 1999). People are the core of a companys competitive success in the marketplace, and this is where the HR department becomes critical to a firms success (Buhler, 1999). The HR departments today are emphasising higher value activities with company wide benefits that add value to the organisation (Buhler, 1999). Achieving organisational excellence must be the work of HR (Ulrich, 1998). The work of HR cannot be disconnected from the real work of the firm, but rather must be clearly integrated with the work of the business More organisations are restructuring their human resource departments to reflect the true partnership with operational managers throughout the firm (Buhler, 1999). Some organisations choose to structure in a more centralised manner with a corporate HR department that supports each of the strategic business units Including specialists providing service to SBUs This structure allows for HR employees to become resident experts in their given field and the managers throughout the organisation benefit from this expertise (Buhler, 1999). The most important part of the role change for HR is change in perspective of managers, meaning managers must view their HR counterparts as true strategic partners rather than as administrative support appendages to the company (Buhler, 1999). When managers utilise their human resource partners to their full extent, they can realise much higher levels of performance in their own units (Buhler, 1999) The recognition that all managers in the firm are essentially HR managers (Buhler, 1999). There is a relationship between line managers and HR professionals (staff) which has been viewed as adversarial in the past (Buhler, 1999). Today however, the new perspective requires each side perceive the relationship as an interdependent one, one whereby each needs each other (Buhler, 1999). Saul conducted as part of Industry Task Force on Leadership and Management Skills (1995) found major changes in the work and job design of first line supervisors. They found there had been a major shift in their role from cop to coach. This required a significant increase in leadership, communication, interpersonal and learning competencies. It also required them to be proactive and resourceful problems solvers In addition, the role of the HR departments is being transformed as line managers assume greater responsibility for a number of people management activities and as HR specialists focus more closely on integrating HR and corporate strategy. (Kramar 1999) In view of the ongoing debate about the future of HR managers and departments (Pfeffer, 1994: 190-6) it will be increasingly important for HR professionals to demonstrate how they contribute to organisational effectiveness in both the short and long term. Today, HR departments are expected to contribute to organisational performance (Ettore, et al., 1996; Fitz-enz, 1994; Matthes, 1993) and many organisations now believe that the success of the strategic management process largely depends on the extent to which the HR function is involved (Butler, et al., 1991) To better manage this human factor, organisations continue to move toward a SHRM approach (Martell and Carroll, 1995). SHRM refers to the pattern of planned HR deployments and activities intended to enable an organisation to achieve its goals (Wright and McMahan, 1992: 298). The trend towards and enlarged role for HR managers in strategic planning calls for researchers to gain a better understanding of the perceptions of HR managers regarding the effectiveness of their organisations and the factors they use to judge organisational effectiveness. (Zellars Fiorito, 1999) 3) Conclusion: Briefly summarize the major findings of the studies chosen. Comments about what questions need to still be answered may be included. 4) Reference List Ulrich, D. (1997) Harvard Resource Champions: The next agenda for adding value and delivery results, Boston, Harvard Business School Press Zellars, K.L. Fiorito, J., (1999), Evaluations of Organisational Effectiveness Among HR Managers: cues and implications, Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 11(1), pp. 37-55 Buhler, P.M. (1999), Managing in the 90s the changing role of HR, partnering with managers SuperVision. vol. 60(6), pp. 16-18. Wright, P. G. McMahan, (1992). Theoretical Perspectives for Strategic Human Resource Management, Journal of Management, 18: 295-320 Butler, J., G. Ferris N. Napier, (1991) Strategy and Human Resource Management, Cincinnati, OH: Southernwestern Publishing Co. Matthes, K. S. Carroll, (1995), How Strategic is HRM? Human Resource Management, 34: 253-267 Ettore, B., D.J. McNerney B. Smith, (1996), HRs shift to a center of inflence, HR focus 73(6): 12 (5) Fitz-enz, J. (1994) HRs New Score Card, Personnel Journal, 73(2): 84(4) Gubman, E.L. (1995) People are more valuable than ever, Compensation and Benefits Review, 27(1), p.12; and Wright, P.M. McMahan, G.C., and McWilliams, A. (1994) Human Resources and sustained competitive advantage: a resource-based perspective, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(2), pp. 301-26. From architecture to audit Harvard Business Review (January-February 1998): Ulrich, Dave: A new Mandate for Human Resources Pfeffer, J. (1994), Competitive advantage through people. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press Pfeffer, J. (1997) Does Human resources have a future in D Ulrich, M. Losey and G. Lake (eds), Tomorrows HR management, (pp.190-6). New York: John Wiley Sons Sheldrake, P. Saul, P. (1995) First line managers: a study of the changing role and skills of first line managers. In industry Task Force on Leadership and Management Skills, Enterprising nation: renewing Australias managers to meet the challenges of Asia-Pacific Century. Karpin Report, Canberra-AGPS Kramar, R. (1999) Policies for managing People in Australia: what has changed in the 1990s, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 37(24), pp. 26-32 Seven (7) dimensions of effective people management (HRM) that produce sustainability enhanced economic performance: Employment security Rigorous selection Self managed teams and decentralised decision making Comparatively high compensation linked to individual and organisational performance Extensive training Reduced status distinctions Extensive sharing of financial and performance information throughout the organisation Pfeffer (2008) P44 (8) Other indications of extensive research within the field illustrate that such high performance HR management policies and practices generate profitability gains, share price increases, higher company survival rates increase sales, higher export growth and lower labour turnover P44 (10) In other words the new sources of sustainable competitive advantage available to organisations have people at the centre their creativity and talent, their inspirations and hopes, their dreams and excitement (Stone, 2008) Stone (2008, P9) indicates that as HRM becomes more business oriented and strategically focused, four key roles for the HR manager can be identified: Strategic partner Administrative expert Employee champion Change agent Human resource management (HRM) is basically the policies and practices that influence employees behavior, attitudes, and performance within an organization. There are several important practices involved in HRM: analyzing work and designing jobs, attracting potential employees (recruiting), choosing employees (selection), teaching employees how to perform their jobs and preparing them for the future (training and development), evaluating their performance (performance management), rewarding employees (compensation), creating a positive work environment (employee relations), and supporting the organizations strategy (HR planning and change management) (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2007, p. 19). These practices have now begun to branch into the different trends that makeup many organizations today. E-business has been a huge part of human resources. A lot of companies have adopted a web-base system know as the Oracle Human Resources Management System (HRMS). This allows access to centralized workforce data through a core HRMS system not only enables companies to measure and leverage their workforce capabilities, it also allow them to manage risk by monitoring and recording compliance with statutory, regulatory, and industry requirements relating to their employees.(AME Info, n.d.). The stronger use of technology has allowed HRM professionals to invest more time in counseling, outreach, more careful selection, and coaching managers and front-line supervisors. Senior level human resource executives are being brought into the CEOs office as corporate leaders recognize how critical human resource capability is to their success. The growing integration of economies and societies around the world has resulted in most organization to rely on globalization. To guard against the downside of global competition, HRM must be more proactive in recruiting and maintaining a responsive and efficient work force. Planning should start at the early stages so that organizations do not bloat needlessly. Human resource managers must be able to map out human resource strategies such that flexible, dynamic employees are attracted, selected and then trained and motivated to be more productive than the competition (Santiago, in press). In every organization ethics should be include in business decisions as well as HRM decisions, but the evidence suggests that is not always what happens. Recent surveys indicate that the general public and managers do not have positive perceptions of the ethical conduct of U.S. businesses (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2007, p. 19). In the context of ethical human resource management, HR managers must view employees as having basic rights. Such a view reflects ethical principles embodied in the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights. Ethical, successful companies act according to four principles. First, in their relationships with customers, vendors, and clients, ethical and successful companies emphasize mutual benefits. Second, employees assume responsibility for the actions of the company (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2007, p. 19). Third, such companies have a sense of purpose or vision that employees value and use in their day-to-day work. Finally, they emphasize fairness; that is, another persons interests count as much as their own (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright, 2007, p. 19). HRM has a key role in transforming the organizational culture so that it more closely reflects the values of our diverse workforce. Some of the reason why diversity has become such a key word in human resources is that Women and minorities are now playing a significant role in society. Women are now major bread winners for the family as they takeover roles of leadership and decision making positions. A large majority of the working population now balances career responsibilities as well as dependent children. There is also an increased number of dual income families as well as changes made to the conventional family structure with single parent families (Small Business Bible, n.d.). Some of the skills needed to understand diversity are: an understanding and acceptance of managing diversity concepts, recognition that diversity is threaded through every aspect of management , self-awareness, in terms of understanding your own culture, identity, biases, prejudices, and stereotypes ,will ingness to challenge and change institutional practices that present barriers to different groups (Berkeley, n.d.). In conclusion, HRM policies and practices influence employees behavior, attitudes, and performance within an organization. Some companies might consider it to be an important part of the companys strategic plan as well as aiding in developing and implementing the organizational goals. It is safe to say that HRM is the key to helping organizations deal with the rapid change of technology, diversity, e-business, and ethics and growing demands to better serve customers and to better differentiate themselves from competitors.

Compare and contrast the three portrayals of London in Blake’s :: English Literature

Compare and contrast the three portrayals of London in Blake’s London, Wordsworth’s Composed Upon Westminster Bridge and Johnson’s Inglan Is A Bitch. ============================================================== In â€Å"London†, Blake creates the image that London is a very grim place. He describes it, as having mapped out streets, even the river Thames is not flowing along its natural route, the whole place is unnatural, and false. All Blake can see is misery everywhere. This is made very clear by the repetition of the word â€Å"every†: â€Å"In every cry of every man, In every infant’s cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, The mind-forg’d manacles I hear.† He uses repetition to get the message across that he sees real misery everywhere he looks, and in everything he hears. It gets the message into your mind. Also, â€Å"in every ban† is a public declaration, saying that everything about the place is made so that people are miserable. Blake goes on to say how London is a very dirty place; â€Å"black’ning church appals† creates the image of dirt being everywhere, even on churches, which are normally seen as places that are not left to get dirty. Clearly, Blake does not like London, and uses imagery to show this. With use of repetition, vivid images of the dirty, and miserable place he sees are created. Wordsworth however, has a very different approach to London. He sees it as the finest place on Earth, and that never before has he seen a place that really is so beautiful as London. He says that if you don’t see London as being like this, then you have no soul, no feelings. There is a very positive approach to the poem. â€Å"The beauty of the morning† and â€Å"majesty† used to build a picture of what he sees. â€Å"Like a garment† is a simile used to make it sound alive. Here you see a complete contrast to the way Blake sees London. Blake's misery and dullness, now seen as happiness and beauty. Wordsworth describes the Thames as being very natural, as flowing at its own will. Blake describes it as chartered, and unnatural. A complete contrast. In Wordsworth’s poem, there is no dirt, just clean â€Å"smokeless† air. The buildings are alive in Wordsworth’s poem, but not in Blake's. It is as if the two poets, are writing about a completely different place, even though they are writing about the same place at around the same time, the 19th century. However, and important factor we can take into account, is the time of day that the poems are describing. Wordsworth’s poem is written early in the morning, just as the sun is rising.

Perodua †Csr Essay

Periods – Advertising with social dimension Executive Summary Periods was set up as a national car project in the year 1993. In the initial years of its inception the company operated in a protected environment marked by both tariff and non-tariff barriers. By the year 1998 leveraging on its high local sourcing strategy the company, along with Proton, managed to capture up to 90% market share. In 2001 the company set up a Joint venture with Dadaists Motor Co. And Mitosis & Co. , the Japanese partners being responsible for manufacturing and engineering operations. Operating in an open economy post AFT in year 2006, Periods has found its niche in the small car segment and completely dominates the sub-1000 c motor vehicle segment. Periods has been extensively using â€Å"cause related marketing approach† treating Government, suppliers and dealers, employees and customers as stakeholders in its business. It also has 2 different kinds of ad programs, product ads promote individual brands, whereas corporate ads carry social message and promote the company. 2 different departments handle the designing and positioning of these different ad types. There are obvious benefits to using corporate ads with emotional appeal; studies eave established that companies tend to realize enhanced relationship with their agencies. However on the flipped designing these ad campaigns is very complicated as sensibilities of all sections of the society have to be taken into consideration. A major downside to Persona’s corporate ad campaign is that no evaluation model has been adopted to measure the effect of such advertising on company’s short term goal I. E sales or long term goal of being a responsible corporate citizen. The company should immediately adopt both qualitative and quantitative measures to understand the benefit of its campaign. Depending on results obtained Periods can decide on how to continue with its corporate ad campaign. Industry Overview The ass and the ass were the decades of â€Å"Industrial Nationalism† in Malaysia and the Government set up the national automotive programmer. Prior to 1985 Malaysia was an importer of automobiles and the aim of the programmer was to build a nationally owned and controlled automotive industry. Proton was the first of the 2 national cars and was established in 1985. It was a Joint Perusal Automobile Asked Sad Bad (Periods) was established in 1993 and was the 2nd National car project. The Government also established a heavy vehicle company â€Å"Malaysian Bus and Truck (MAT) in 1994, a motorcycle manufacturer â€Å"MODERNS† in 1995 and a light commercial vehicle manufacturer â€Å"MIGNON† in 1997. In order to protect the domestic industry the Malaysian Government imposed substantial import duty on all completely built-up imported cars or completely knocked down vehicles. Apart from the import duties, non-tariff barriers such as licensing and import quotas were also enforced. The 1980 â€Å"Mandatory Deletion Programmer† (MAD) made local sourcing of components, between 45-60%, compulsory pending on the cubic capacity of the car. In 2005-06 under the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (KEPT) scheme Malaysia was required to dismantle both tariff and non-tariff barriers. The applicable KEPT rate depending on the country of origination is shown below: The most obvious consequence of implementing the KEPT for Malaysia’s car producer is the minimization of protective automotive policy and disappearance of price advantage. This will open up the market for greater competition from companies from other SEAN countries like Japan and South Korea which are major automobile producers in the region. See Exhibit 1 for breakup of vehicles produced and assembled in Malaysia) Periods – A background Perusal Automobile Asked Sad Bad (Periods) was established in 1993, this was the second national car project of Malaysia after Proton was set up in 1985. Periods was a Joint venture between Dadaists, Missus, and other Government controlled companies with Malaysian equity amounting to 68%. See exhibit 2 for Persona’s shareholding structure in 1993). Operating in a protected environment Periods was able to leverage on the MAD programmer and made use of up to 75-90% local content in its cars. This gave the company a significant price advantage over its competitors. Both national cars exploited the pricing advantage and accounted for 90% of vehicles sold in 1998. In 2001, Periods set up a Joint venture, with Dadaists Motor Co Ltd. And Mitosis & Co. Ltd. , called the Periods Auto Corporation Sad Bad (BPCS). As per the Joint venture agreement, the Japanese partners would control the manufacturing and engineering operations whereas the Malaysian partner would have the largest stake. Persona’s strength is in the small car segment and the company aims to serve the coal and overseas market’s demand for compact, affordable and reliable vehicles with excellent standards and quality. As of June 2009, the company employed about In order to enhance efficiency and cost competitiveness the company has introduced Toyota Production System (TIPS). TIPS is driven by the concept of â€Å"Good Thinking Meaner Good Product† and comprises of 2 main systems â€Å"Just in Time† and â€Å"Kodak†. The TIPS aimed to eliminate excessive lead-time, lower inventory levels and reduce costs. Persona’s Joint venture with Dadaists gave Periods an opportunity to get in shape or liberalizing of auto industry post-AFT. In 2006 the company overtook Proton to become the biggest car seller in the Malaysia. The liberalizing campaign has presented Periods with a mixed big. Persona’s expertise in manufacturing small cars has opened up new export markets for the company. At the same time big players with sophisticated technology and competitive production techniques now have access to Malaysian car market, thereby increasing competition for Periods in its own backyard. Marketing communication and advertising process Cause related marketing approach A marketing communication program can be successful only when all the departments of the company are actively involved in the marketing plan. All company departments and personnel should communicate the same message to the target audience. Periods places Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) at the heart of all its business activities. So naturally the company’s CARS activities form the central theme of its â€Å"cause related marketing†. As part of the strategy, Periods follows a 4 pronged approach where the Government, suppliers and dealers, employees and consumers re all treated as stakeholders in the business. (see exhibit 3 for Persona’s stakeholder structure). Some of the activities undertaken by the company to engage stakeholders are: * Government Periods engages with the Government by contributing to local man power training. In-spite of having the option of importing foreign workers, the company spends substantial amounts on training locals and employing them at its plants. The company also helped develop the local auto component and parts industry. * Suppliers and dealers Periods has developed a quality audit system to optimism local vendor’s performance ND to assure the quality of components’ supplied to the company. During the Asian financial crisis the company allowed vendors to increase prices to ensure they had sufficient working capital. Credit terms were reduced from 30 to 60 days. Employees Periods believes in an inclusive work environment and allows employees to grow invests in its work force through training, counseling and providing healthy and conducive work environment as well as employment benefits. * Consumer & public Persona’s strength lies in the small car segment. It intends to provide more affordable vehicles’ for lower income level and rural people. In add ition to providing quality products at affordable prices, the company through its corporate ads also works to increase social awareness about safe driving practices and other positive social values. The company has also designed and implemented a training programmer for youth living in the locations that Periods operates in. It also supports various causes, financially as well as in kind, responding to the needs of less audits to ensure Advertising process privileged. The company conducts stringent environmental environmentally safe practices have been adopted. Periods has 2 kinds of ads: * Product ads – These are designed with the objective of communicating the product range, features of the product etc. To the end user. Such ads are handled by the marketing section of the company. * Corporate ads – With the express desire of becoming a socially responsible corporate citizen these ads with social dimension have been launched. The public affairs section is responsible for these ads. Marketing, sales and manufacturing department departments are involved in the design of these ads. See exhibit 4 for advertising matrix) Periods operates in a multi-cultural society and the main objective of the corporate ad is to transcend the racial boundary and get close to the target buyer. The company understands its consumers are realists who do not relate to superficial messages; they consider things in real terms and are practical in life. In order to connect to these â€Å"real people†, the ads always portray Periods as part of the society and the ad message always reflects existing social phenomenon. The main objective of these corporate ads is to create awareness amongst the general public about oral values the company believes in. Some of the social messages or issues that the company has worked with, is based on elements like driving etiquette, nationalism, inter-racial harmony and family reunion. One unique aspect about Persona’s ads has been its use of the individual as focus to bring out the social message; both negative and positive emotional appeals are used in the ads. The company has used both television and print media to carry its corporate ads. Newspapers are used as supplementary coverage medium to reach specific ethnic groups. Strengths of Persona’s advertising campaign: The company has been associating itself with elements like driving etiquette, family harmony, nationalism, racial harmony etc. These are emotions that middle class and rural people of Malaysia immediately connect with. Constant exposure to such ads will lead consumers to perceive the company as being â€Å"good†. * Medium of advertising The company uses television as the primary medium of advertisement. Images work quicker and convey meaning at once. Weakness of Persona’s advertising campaign: * Sensibilities in multi-cultural society The company operates in a multi-cultural society; perceptions and attitudes of people from different ethnic back ground towards all aspects of life might be very different. For example black in Chinese culture has neutral meaning, whereas Hindus usually consider black as a negative color. So when designing ads the company will have to be careful to ensure sensibilities of particular ethnic groups are not offended. * Enforcing/reinforcing racial stereotypes Racial stereotyping is a bane of multicultural societies. Any ad that might inadvertently reinforce such stereotype will definitely create backlash and lead to active publicity, which Periods can do without. Uncertain impact No actual evaluation has been conducted to measure the effect of the company’s corporate advertising program. Effect of such ad on company sales or perception of general public about Periods is unknown. Exhibit 1: Breakup of vehicles produced and assembled in Malaysia Exhibit 2: Persona’s shareholding structure in 1993 Exhibit 3: Persona’s marketing communications stakeholders Exhibit 4: Advertising matrix of Periods [ 1 ]. Periods corporate website – h ttp://www. Periods. Com. My/corporate/company

F#ck Content Marketing Focus on Content Experience With Randy Frisch

F#ck Content Marketing Focus on Content Experience With Randy Frisch Marketers are in the business of creating content. They’re modern-day publishers. However, up to 70% of content that they create goes unused. Today, my guest is Randy Frisch, author of the new book, F#ck Content Marketing: Focus on Content Experience to Drive Demand, Revenue, Relationships. Also, he’s the co-founder, president, and CMO of Uberflip. He identifies how to break bad content marketing habits and adapt personalization to marketing. Content is at the core of marketing strategies; Uberflip empowers marketers to take control of created content assets and mesh them into their marketing efforts Randy’s book is not meant to throw shade at content marketers, but capture his passion and take on the â€Å"broken† status of the content marketing industry What is unused content? Content that’s created and posted, but never leveraged on a day-to-day basis in marketing Definition of content marketing to create content to attract a clearly defined audience and drive profitable customer action is too narrowly focused Content marketers need to start putting the right content in front of the right people for that encounter to be a great experience Real-life examples of what content marketers are doing right and wrong; tell a story that connects with customers Content marketers feel pressured to produce content, but they’re not the only ones responsible for customer experience Tactics and tools for the personalization of content and marketing at scale Content Experience Framework: Centralize, organize, personalize, distribute, and generate resultsEvolution of Content: People who want to go beyond content creation and think more strategically by teaming up with colleagues Links: Randy Frisch F#ck Content Marketing by Randy Frisch on Amazon F#ck Content Marketing- Focus on the Content Experience (Blog Post) Uberflip AMP123: Why Every Content Marketer Should Think Like a Publisher Content Marketing World Robert Rose Joe Pulizzi Content Marketing Institute Spotify Netflix Snowflake Sigstr Terminus Eloqua Write a review on iTunes and send a screenshot of it to receive a cool swag bag! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Randy Frisch: â€Å"We would figure out how to create all this content and we’d end up with a different problem, which was, what would we do with all that content?† â€Å"Whether we don’t get to it or we’re expecting too muchwe end up in this position where we are letting content sit unused.† â€Å"It’s about moving on to that next step: ‘How do we put the right content in front of the right people so that the encounter they have with our content is a great experience’?† â€Å"When we deliver a personalized experience, we lead to these better outcomes. I’m willing to guarantee you’ll see higher engagement.†

Free Essays on Tabasco, Mexico

Tabasco At the entrance of the Mexican southeast you’ll find the state of Tabasco with a physiology of abundant vegetation, culture, and much more. Tabasco was one of the orginal states of Mexico. It was first crossed by Fernando Cortez of Spain in 1524. Tabasco comes from the word Tlavashco which means "Place that has owner." But some have also translated it to "Watery earth." Tabasco has a surface area of 24,475 square kilometers, and a population of about 891,829. It is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico to the north, The State of Campeche to the northwest, The Republic of Guatamala to the south west, The State of Veracruz to the west, and The State of Chiapas to the south. Due to the location and scarce increase in sea level, Tabasco is very warm, with lows of 15 degrees celcius, to highs of 40 degrees celcius, its average temperature is about 26 degrees. Tabasco has many products, such as bannanas, coconuts, cacao, and also sugarcane. It also has major forest products of rubber, chickle, resin, and dyes. But its biggest economic descovery was many rich oilfeilds on the coast, which are now the economic mainstay of Tabasco. Tabasco has conserved its cultural heratage, which comes from the Olmecas, th Mayas, and the Chontales. In Tabasco there are many libraries, museums, and gallerys to encurage promotion of their country. Tabasco is the gateway to the Mayan world, and safeguards the Olmeca archatecture and culture. Another important are is Colmalcalo, which was built around the 7th century, this site is typical of the late classic mayan period, with a great cerimonieal center surrounded by platforms and mounds, combing the ceremonial aspects of mayan life. The Tabascan cuisine has conserved it exquisit original flavor by retaining some of its ancient Mayan and Chontelian recipies, and by makeing use of the locally avalible products. Among the most typical dishes in Tabasco, you will find vegitable beef soup, min... Free Essays on Tabasco, Mexico Free Essays on Tabasco, Mexico Tabasco At the entrance of the Mexican southeast you’ll find the state of Tabasco with a physiology of abundant vegetation, culture, and much more. Tabasco was one of the orginal states of Mexico. It was first crossed by Fernando Cortez of Spain in 1524. Tabasco comes from the word Tlavashco which means "Place that has owner." But some have also translated it to "Watery earth." Tabasco has a surface area of 24,475 square kilometers, and a population of about 891,829. It is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico to the north, The State of Campeche to the northwest, The Republic of Guatamala to the south west, The State of Veracruz to the west, and The State of Chiapas to the south. Due to the location and scarce increase in sea level, Tabasco is very warm, with lows of 15 degrees celcius, to highs of 40 degrees celcius, its average temperature is about 26 degrees. Tabasco has many products, such as bannanas, coconuts, cacao, and also sugarcane. It also has major forest products of rubber, chickle, resin, and dyes. But its biggest economic descovery was many rich oilfeilds on the coast, which are now the economic mainstay of Tabasco. Tabasco has conserved its cultural heratage, which comes from the Olmecas, th Mayas, and the Chontales. In Tabasco there are many libraries, museums, and gallerys to encurage promotion of their country. Tabasco is the gateway to the Mayan world, and safeguards the Olmeca archatecture and culture. Another important are is Colmalcalo, which was built around the 7th century, this site is typical of the late classic mayan period, with a great cerimonieal center surrounded by platforms and mounds, combing the ceremonial aspects of mayan life. The Tabascan cuisine has conserved it exquisit original flavor by retaining some of its ancient Mayan and Chontelian recipies, and by makeing use of the locally avalible products. Among the most typical dishes in Tabasco, you will find vegitable beef soup, min...

Benefits of Distance Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benefits of Distance Learning - Essay Example I. What is Distance Learning? a) Separation by Distance. 1. This is a situation whereby teaching learning takes place while the teacher and the students are separated by distance. b) Delivery of Instructions. 1. This is a situation whereby the instructions are delivered to the student via computer technology, video, print or voice. c) Interactive Communication. 1. In distance learning the teacher received feedback to the students which could be instant or delayed. II. Distance Learning Divisions a) Synchronous Delivery Type. 1. In this type of distance learning, the teacher and the students interact with each other instantly. 2. The instant interaction between the teacher and the student is facilitated by use of videoconferencing, audio conferencing and live internet chats. b) Asynchronous Delivery Type. 1. In this type of distance learning, the interaction between the teacher and the students is not instant. 2. The delayed interaction between the teachers and the students is facilitated by use of video tapes, audio tapes, radio, email and CD-Rom.

The Impact of Leadership on the Growth and Performance Research Paper

The Impact of Leadership on the Growth and Performance - Research Paper Example Issues such as cultural values combined with the personal experiences of the individual have a profound influence on all the aspects that the above-mentioned topic tends to deal with. Above all, the individual personality of the leader cum moderator is another aspect that goes a long way in determining the extent of success that the group can experience by way of one’s actions. In fact, all these theories have functioned as the basis for the theory of the upper echelon over a number of decades and have been based on the principle of bounded rationality. One of the many such places where leadership is nurtured and inspired from a very young age is at our very day care centres, where inspired yet simple leaders take the responsibility of bringing together young minds and leaders of tomorrow under a common roof and teach them the importance of thinking, motivation and self-confidence and instil the notion of participation and group work right from an early age. As such, the proposed research study aims to evaluate all these three theories that are considered as the primary elements of leadership at a daycare center (David Ketchen, 2006). The reasons behind choosing such a topic are deemed important as it allows me to relate my experiences as a daycare worker over a period of 2 decades in using leadership to foster growth and involvement amongst children. Speaking specifically, there are a number of different elements that assist a worker within a daycare center to influence and shape the strategic direction of the group (of children), thus providing a direct impact on the performance and growth of all children within this group. The first and the foremost step in this process is to ensure the collective participation of every child and take the right decisions depending on the level of response from every child  and the ability in these responses by instilling the faith in every child over their relevance and importance to the success of the group.  

Free Will vs. Determinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Free Will vs. Determinism - Essay Example The other argument for determinism is causation, or causes and effects. This argument depends on relationships that should happen with the same results every time, such as a baseball breaking a window, breaking the window. Basing on this, everything in the universe has a cause. And if all the causes and the events were known, then it would be possible to easily predict the future. If everything can be foreseen, then this proves that nothing that anyone does can change the courses ÃŽ ¿f the future. This, ÃŽ ¿f course, is not possible. If determinism were true, no person would be able to change his actions, therefore no one could ever be held morally responsible for his own actions. Common sense says that we can change our actions by our own choice. (Slife 80-107) Everyone in this world has common sense. In this argument determinism is definitely not true. One can want to do something, but from past experiences, can stop and not do the actions he had planned. A thief, who finally got caught and suffered two awful years in prison, can decide to not steal after seeing a desirable pair ÃŽ ¿f pants lying openly on a rack. He can restrain himself from doing wrong, after realizing from past consequences. This leads to the next argument. We can and have overcome our desires and inclinations. Both common sense and fact show that we can actively change our behavior. Yet a determinist would say that we only perceive that we can change our actions and behavior. But, that too, is false. Before, I wanted an expensive shirt tha t I really, really liked, but I, then, remembered the last time I bought a shirt that expensive, begging on my knees to my mom to buy it for me, and I rarely wore it. That made my mom really mad. This would leave me to not buy that desirable shirt, changing my actions (I really have not bought an expensive shirt, after that incident ). Free will states that we do not feel forced to act. At the time ÃŽ ¿f a

Richard IIIs Battle speech Essay Example for Free

Richard IIIs Battle speech Essay Question a) Examine the literary elements such as diction, symbolism, rhythm, and tone in this extract, and analyze their significance. b) Then, examine how this extract is translated onto film, paying close attention to the ways in which the film adaptations by Laurence Olivier and Al Pacino enhance/ modify your understanding of the play text. Answer a) The extract passage from Shakespeares Richard III depicts how King Richard gives his battle speech to his army, focusing on the raggedness of Richmonds army and their opposition to him as a King. The extract passage is right after King Richard had a dream where the ghosts of all the people he had killed spoke and condemns him. I will be analyzing extract passage from the play, commenting on theme, settings, diction, symbolism, rhythm and tone. In part (b), I will be analyzing the film adaptations of Olivier and Al Pacino on this particular extract, commenting on how each director interpret the extract passage, particularly on the Mise-en-scene of each film adaptation. As Richard was giving his oration to the army, there is structural irony in his speech. It is an irony that he tells his army they having lands, and blest with beauteous wives, Richmonds army will restrain the one, distain the other because in the first place, Richard and the other Yorkists were the ones who killed Henry IV and overthrew the Lancasters who were ruling then. Another irony is that he was the one who uses the power of language to manipulate and seduce Lady Anne, stealing the beauteous wife of Henry IV first. Such irony is engaged by Shakespeare to emphasize one of the themes of the play which is the allure of evil. Richard III does not explore the cause of evil in the human mind so much as it explores its operation, depicting the workings of Richards mind and the methods he uses to manipulate, control, and injure others for his own gain. Another literary device Shakespeare used in this play is the rhyming couplet: March on, join bravely, let us tot pell-mell/ If not to heaven, then hand in hand to hell. In Shakespeares poem, the rhyming couplet has an important significant. We see Richard, after this extract passage, obsessed with his own self-preservation, as indicated by his cry of [a] horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!. Richard clearly reveals his priorities. He would trade everything for a horse on which to improve his chances of surviving the battle rather than die honorably for his cause and this is contradicting his prior speech to the army. Richard III is written in blank verse. Blank verse is unrhymed lines made up of ten syllables in which every second syllable is stressed (study unit 1 pg 26). The rhythms of the verses are caused by these unrhymed iambic pentameters Shakespeare uses. Iambic pentameter is a line made up of five pairs of short/long, or unstressed/stressed, syllables. For example: de-VISED at-FIRST to-KEEP the-STRONG in-AWE. This gives the verses rhythm and makes the verses interesting to read. The tone of the extract passage is strong. There are uses of exclamation marks, for example: Off with his son Georges head! to show the wrath of Richard. Richard also poses questions. For example: Shall these enjoy our lands? Lie with our wives?. Questions can engage the viewers, making the viewers enter his thinking. The lines are also kept within ten syllabus and the words are short so that it will produce a more punchy effect as it is being read out. The short words and rhythmic tone in turns make the diction of the extract clear too. b) In Pacinos film adaptation of extract passage of Richard III, Richard was filmed giving the oration to his army. When examining the cinematic space of the film, the camera shot from a very low angle as Richard was giving the oration. Richard is in the foreground and this makes him look very much bigger. Since it is shot from a low angle up to Richard, Richard seems to be looking down on everyone as he is speaking, emphasizing his power and authority. His oration is quite long and this emphasizes the power of language in achieving political powers, which is one of the central themes to Richard III. Language may not always be a necessary instrument of power, but for Richard, it is a crucial weapon. His extraordinary skill with words enables him to manipulate, confuse, and control those around him. In this case, Pacino is trying to show us that Richards words are powerful and he uses them to control his army. Also, as they shot from the low angle, it depicts the round, bird-like silhouette of Richard, emphasizing on his deformity even more. His deformed body is a symbol of corrupted nature and Pacino make the viewers see that. Richard was the only one being filmed when he was giving the oration. He is in power, but he is alone: his brothers, nephews, and even his own wife are all dead at his hand, his mother has cursed and abandoned him, and even the person who was once his closest friend-Buckingham-has been sent to execution. His army was also not in the frame. Pacino probably wants to emphasize the fact that his army is not actually with him. His army served him not out of respect and loyalty but because they were afraid of him since he constantly beheads anyone who comes into his path. In this film of the extract passage, it vividly dramatizes the contrast between Richards character and Richmonds character, shifting the scene back and forth between them a few times. The leaders, in their respective camps, make almost identical preparations as they ready for the next days battle, but the difference between them can be seen in the way they go about their business. Richard speaks brusquely to his lords, and, as we can see, essentially is isolated from all human contact. Pacino made Richmond appeared gracious. The pre-battle preparation of the two leaders clearly shows their different styles: Richmond was filmed praying to God. In contrast, Richard simply mocks the enemy soldiers, calling them a scum of Bretons and base lackey peasants Looking for Richard is a documentary film and for this scene, Richard is actually not dressed in the medieval costume. It is more like a rehearsal. This suggests Pacinos search for the most effective way to bring the world of King Richard to life for a contemporary audience. It also points to their conviction that Shakespeares characters and themes are timeless: Everyone can look for Richard, and find him, in the world around them. In Oliviers film adaptation of the extract passage Richard III, Richard was not filmed giving the long oration to his army. Instead, the viewers were treated to a battle to watch. The film adaptation was very much close to Shakespeares play. Olivier spoke with rhythm as Richard addresses his army. As he spoke March on, the army shouted a hail as a reply. After he spoke the rhyming couplet: pell-mell and to hell, he leads his army forward on his horse. It was dramatic as he was about to go to the battle. The film was in technicolour and this probably appeals to the viewers at that time. With the technicolour used, the viewers were able to see vividly the colour of their medieval costumes and this makes the whole film real and engaging. The scene of the film was a long shot. There was not much editing done. Spatially, it was shot from afar so that both the army and Richard can be seen. There was not much close up shot except for when Richard has fallen off the horse and his crown rolled away. This foreshadows Richards dethroning. In conclusion, the literary elements such as rhythm, diction, tone, settings, symbolism and themes compliments each other, making Shakespeares play a classic read all time. Both Pacinos and Oliviers film adaptation of Richard III provides viewers with different interpretation of the play, widening the viewers perspective of the play. Bibliography ELT370 Shakespeare on film study guide. SIM University. 2011 Looking For Richard. Dir. Al Pacino. Perf. Al Pacino, Vincent Angell, Harris Yulin, Alec Baldwin. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, 1996. Film.